Something Worth Fighting For - 1407 Words

â€Å"The strongest reason for giving woman all the opportunities for higher education, for the full development of her faculties, complete emancipation from all forms of bondage, of custom, of dependence, of superstition; from all the crippling influences of fear, is the solitude and personal responsibility of her own individual life. To guide our own craft, we must be captain, pilot, engineer; with chart and compass to stand at the wheel; to match the wind and waves and know when to take in the sail, and to read the signs in the firmament over all. It matters not whether the solitary voyager is man or woman.† (Elizabeth Cady Stanton) Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s words ripple through time like a pebble in a pond. Stanton was among the first†¦show more content†¦The women were successful in their efforts to get the message out. Each declaration was passed, and sixty-eight women signed the document. The aftermath of the convention lead to great struggles and many debates. Elizabeth was referred to as a â€Å"professional lunatic.† Elizabeth’s provocative message, along with the fear of change outraged people. They did not want to accept or surrender to the requests of women. Despite the hardships, Elizabeth continued to struggle in her quest to help women. Later that year Elizabeth was successful in having the Married Women’s Property Act passed. This act granted women the right to acquire property. She also organized a national convention for Women’s Rights. After a successful national convention Elizabeth attended another anti-slavery rally where she met Susan B. Anthony. In 1851 Susan was very active in the pursuit of freedom for slaves. During their meeting Elizabeth presented Susan with facts from the national women’s convention and Susan agreed to take up the cause. While fighting this battle, side by side, Elizabeth and Susan became great friends. Susan was known as Elizabeth’s counterpart. She took on the role of organizer and demonstrator, while Elizabeth accepted the role of intellectual voice and public speaker. Together they achieved greatness. They tackled unjust topics such as temperance,Show MoreRelatedThe Theme Of Love And Freedom In Kindred1026 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Better to die fighting for freedom then be a prisoner all the days of your life† (Bob Marley). It all begins with Dana Franklin and everything she has to do in order to both save her ancestry as well as keep love and freedom in her life. It is 1976 in Maryland and Dana Franklin is a black woman married to a white man named Kevin Franklin. One day after moving houses, Dana begins to feel dizzy and faints. When she wakes, she realizes she is no longer in 1976 and must save a boy, Rufus WeylinRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 4511113 Words   |  5 PagesThis demonstrates how the process of struggling and suffering allow someone to gain wisdom in true learning and knowledge involves struggle to understand, recognizing your own flaws assist in self-improvement, and there are things in the world worth fighting/dying for. Through the path of suffrage and struggle, individuals yield many chunks of wisdom and one of them is true learning and knowledge which involves struggling to understand. Montag is trying to read a book, but because of the rarityRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Analysis792 Words   |  4 Pageshighly acknowledged play Romeo and Juliet, by Shakespeare, star crossed lovers were exactly what Romeo and Juliet were. However they fought for their love until the end. During this essay I will explain to you how Romeo and Juliets true love was worth fighting for. I will show this threw the literary term courtly love and soliloquy. Romeo and Juliet fight for their love, shakespeare shows this through courtly love. Romeo and Juliet love each other and are together talking and they want to spend timeRead MoreEssay on The Castle by Rob Sitch828 Words   |  4 Pages Darryl’s life is worth fighting for. â€Å"You can’t buy what I’ve got.† ‘The Castle’ directed by Rob Sitch, about one man, his family and neighbours on the verge of being homeless. Darryl Kerrigan, the â€Å"backbone of the family† won’t stand for that. Of course no one can buy what he has. He’s spent almost his entire lifetime building what he has, why should he give it up? Darryl’s way of life is simple yet filled with family values. 3 Highview Crescent is the home to Darryl, his wife Sal and their 3 children:Read MoreHow I Changed My Life934 Words   |  4 Pages one of the most vivid memories when I was younger my parents were always fighting; it was a normal thing. My parents were together for a while they loved each other, or so it seemed but I just thought they were together for us. My brother and I grew up really close; he would babysit while my parents were at work which was often.Seeing my parents fight wasn t something I thought was weird or uncommon it s just something married people or couples did.I always thought If you re not happy why stayRead MoreThe Canadian Corps and CEF 749 Words   |  3 Pagesstand by its mother country, to protect the country who founded it. The Canadian Corps and CEF were created to defend Canada, and fought not only in the war but for the recognition that Canada deserved, to then show that in the Great War we achieved something great, and finally to piece together to how Canada is now, to build through the years and show that this was truly Canada’s greatest achievement. The Canadian Corps and CEF were formed to protect Canada in times of war. The Canadian Corps wasRead MoreOne Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest: Corrupt Ruling System1030 Words   |  5 Pagesin place, there will always be an opposing force trying to over throw it. This ruling system can be a variety of things. In some cases it is the government, a boss, or basically anything or anyone that has some type of control or authority over something else or someone else. In some cases the opposition can successfully take over control of these corrupt systems, while in other incidents the opposition is pitifully pounded back to silence. In other cases, the opposing force will be beaten, but inRead MoreThe Speech By Frederick Douglas890 Words   |  4 Pagesthe oppressed against the oppressor!† is what the founding fathers had to do in order to fight against the oppression of Britain. Frederick Douglas use of antithesis explains to the audience that the abolitionist movement may be fighting the losing side, but they are fighting for the good of the country. The abolitionists and its supporters are led to believe that the founding fathers faced the same odds and situation. The audience likely feels inspired to fight more vigorously for the oppressed dueRead MoreWorld War I Was An Option Between Peace And War938 Words   |  4 Pagesbeing forced upon them. The language, the culture, the history, the people, the mindset was all very different for most cases. It only takes the want for change to convince those who have nothing to do something. Princip was dying and saw the pain and anger of his fellow man and wanted to die for something he believed in. Not to die a victim of disease but a hero of his people. So he assassinated an archduke in retaliation of his country being claimed when they were promised freedom. As long as you haveRead MoreAmerica s Attitude Toward Violence And War1689 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernments choices to enter conflict. The main thing that dict ates our nation’s attitude toward violence and war is the purpose in which we are fighting for. If the people of our nation feel that the issue is worth all of the repercussions that come along with war and it is something that needs to be fought for, then it will be largely supported. If it is something that thousands of people should not be risking their lives over, then it will be largely protested. Like stated before, the attitude towards

Childhood And Adulthood Obesity And Preventing It

Childhood Versus Adulthood Obesity and Preventing It David Puttere ENG 122 English Composition II Professor Jennifer Chagala September 26, 2014 Obesity is an epidemic that American’s has faced in the past and in the future to come. Being overweight or obese puts you at risk for a number of diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, cancer, and many more. Obesity can be a risk to all of a human body system. As humans this is an everyday battle for some that inherit obesity from their family members and then on the other hand if that same parent is overweight the parents may struggle with their food problems and the children will suffer unhealthy eating habit throughout the day. Obesity signifies one of the biggest public health challenges facing us today and in years to come could affect children and adults psychical mind into something more serious such as suicide. How can parents prevent obesity from taking control over children and adults lives so they can live life to the fullest that they so deserve. As infants that faces obesity issue this could be a very serious problem later on down the road as the young child is growing up if it isn’t under controlled at a young age. As parents of an infant they should see the dangers and risks that they are putting on a child that has these kinds of problems such as obesity and should find a diet that will be suitable and also appreciate for the infant age category. For instance (Stewart, 2008) states â€Å"asShow MoreRelatedEssay on Informative Speech Outline-Childhood Obesity840 Words   |  4 Pages2015    Topic: Childhood Obesity INTRODUCTION I. Attention Getter: Hi, my name is Jill. I have been a pediatric nurse for almost 2 years now. According to the National Center for Health Statistics in 2011, childhood Obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years. And in 2012, more than one-third of children and adolescents were overweight or obese. II. Specific Purpose: I would I like to inform you all of childhood obesity and ways to getRead MoreHealth Promotion For Combating Obesity973 Words   |  4 Pages Childhood obesity prevalence rates have been steadily increasing in the United States and in 2010; it was identified in more than 42 million pre-schoolers (WHO, 2013). Obesity has various medical risks that are related to obesity in children including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, sleep apnoea, asthma, dyslipidaemia, metabolic syndrome, orthopaedic complications, and a reduced life expectancy. Health promotion to combat childhood obesity is therefore needed to prevent childhood obesityRead MoreChildhood Obesity Among Hispanic Children1729 Words   |  7 Pages Obesity among Hispanic Children Childhood obesity has increased dramatically during the past decade (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). Although the rise in obesity cuts across all of age groups, both genders, and all cultural and racial groups; statistics have demonstrated that Hispanic children are more likely to become obese than White or Black children in the United States. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (2011), childhood obesity is more prevalentRead MoreChildhood Obesity Prevention1264 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood Obesity Prevention Childhood obesity is a huge problem in our society, so here are two articles that researched one option to aid in the prevention of the epidemic: vegetarianism. The first article â€Å"Vegetarian Diets and Childhood Obesity Prevention† by Joan Sabate` and Michelle Wien from The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition May 2010 vol. 91 no. 5 1525S-1529S and the second article is â€Å"Vegetarian Children: Appropriate and Inappropriate Diets† by Cathy Jacobs, MS, RD,: and JohannaRead MoreSchools Should Implement Programs Tailored to Prevent Childhood Obesity796 Words   |  4 Pages This essay exposes the adverse consequences of childhood obesity on the overall prosperity of the country, elucidating the urgent requirement of prevention programs in schools. Childhood obesity is one of the most alarming public health challenges of the 21st century(World health organisation.(2012). Obesity according to Bruce-Keller et al.(2009) is ‘a physiological condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to an extent that it can negatively affect health’. Over 90% of children in AustraliaRead MoreWhy has Childhood Obesity Become a Paramount Problem in the United States?1609 Words   |  7 Pages According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, â€Å"Childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and tripled in adolescents in the past 30 years,† (â€Å"Childhood Obesity Facts†). The monumental question that researchers seem to be asking is why the increase now? Childhood obesity has become a paramount problem in the United Sta tes in recent years due to various social, biological and technological factors that ultimately requires immediate assistance in order to promote a healthierRead MoreThe Effects Of Physical Activity On Childhood Obesity Essay969 Words   |  4 Pages I choose the topic of physical activity as the importance of preventing childhood obesity. Because childhood obesity is increasing worldwide and corrupting the lives of millions of children who won’t survive into their adulthood. Childhood obesity is a serious health issue that’s facing the United States. This topic captivated my attention to understanding the main problems and solutions to combating childhood obesity after watching; â€Å"Weight of the Nation† Children in Crisis. The types of informationRead MoreNutrition And Weight Status : Preventing Childhood Obesity1478 Words   |  6 PagesNutrition and Weight Status: Preventing Childhood Obesity A healthy diet is the foundation for achieving a healthy lifestyle. Nutrition, the intake of food in order to provide the body with its dietary needs, is important when referring to a healthy diet (Potter, Perry, Stockert Hall, 2013). Nutrition is good when the body receives the essentially balanced nourishment required to sustain life and successfully perform bodily functions. However, poor nutrition can result in decreased productivityRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Problem1594 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Obesity: A Growing Problem According to the African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development â€Å"Twenty-five percent of children in the US are overweight and 11% are obese† ( Dehgan 1) . The Center of disease Control and Prevention defines overweight as having a body mass index, or BMI, of 30. BMI can be found by dividing an individual’s weight by their height. Childhood obesity is present in children from ages ranging 6-18. The amount of excess body fat can lead to many â€Å"heathRead MoreChildhood Obesity Is An Alarming Issue In Australia, And1434 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood obesity is an alarming issue in Australia, and there is not only a rapid national epidemic in Australia and around the world. Obese children are likely to develop detrimental problems in their health and have enduring social, health and economic effects that permeate throughout adulthood. Early detection and management of childhood obesity are critical in preventing obesity during adulthood, consider ing it is a significant contributor to the adulthood epidemic. Thus, there are several social

Analysis Of Othello And Trifles - 1106 Words

At first glance or giving a slight ear to the two plays â€Å"Trifles† and â€Å"Othello† the differences can be very noticeable. â€Å"Othello† was written by a man William Shakespeare and â€Å"Trifles† by a women Susan Glaspell. While Glaspell authored her play in the twentieth century, Shakespeare on the other hand penned his play in the seventeenth century. â€Å"Trifles† theme dealt with isolation whereas jealousy was the theme in â€Å"Othello†. When taking a closer look and compare the two the use of verbal irony, situational irony, and dramatic irony are used in the same way to keep the audience intrigued and full of suspense. Glaspell comes out the shoot running with verbal irony the title, â€Å"Trifles†, which means a small thing or something of less†¦show more content†¦Glaspell wittingly places Mrs. Peters, the sheriff’s wife in the middle of committing a crime yet while setting her up as Mrs. Doright. Th e County Attorney affirms this when he states, â€Å"No Mrs. Peters doesn’t need supervising. For that matter, a sheriff’s wife is married to the law† (Kennedy Gioia 861). This keeps the audience wondering if she is going to uphold what she knows about the law or go forth in breaking it, yet another technique in heightening the suspense. Correspondingly, Shakespeare masters this element of situational irony in â€Å"Othello†. At the start of the play Iago does not think Cassio is fit for lieutenant, but rather it should be him. Iago makes this assertion, â€Å"Despise me If I do not. Three great ones of the city, In personal suit to make me his lieutenant,† (Kennedy Gioia 963). Furthermore, Iago discredited Cassio’s ability by saying, â€Å"Forsooth, a great arithmetician, One Michael Cassio†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kennedy Gioia 963). Iago desire was to get Cassio from his position so he could have it, he felt that Cassio only had book smarts abo ut war and not actual participating in such acts. The irony in it comes at the end when Iago dies and Cassio is still alive and is promoted to general: â€Å"For they succeed on you. [To Cassio] To you, Lord Governor,† (Kennedy Gioia 1060). Glaspell and Shakespeare kept theirShow MoreRelated Iagos Mind in William Shakespeares Othello Essays1479 Words   |  6 PagesIagos Mind in William Shakespeares Othello In Shakespeare’s play Othello, the character of Iago takes on the role of a person warped within his own thoughts and feelings. Although people today have the benefit of psychology, back in the 1600s people with severe psychological disorders were left un-medicated and free to roam as citizens of society. Although Iago would have benefited from medication of today, in his mind he was the best, even though his own imagination got the better of himRead More Analysis of King Leontes Transformation Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of King Leontes Transformation Jealousy and judgement, or rather misjudgement, seem to be major themes in Shakespeare’s plays, in which most judgements are assumed by no logical basis or intellectual wit. King Leontes, unlike Othello, comes to his conclusion by his own means, without any outside verification of truth or logical explanation for his jealousy. However, there are many similarities, based on their situation, between him and Othello. Both men transform, emotionally, intoRead MoreOthello As The Hero And Villain2002 Words   |  9 Pages â€Å"Othello has a propensity to jealousy and possesses a weak character† FR Leavis, 1952 To what extent do you agree with this view? Remember to include in your answer relevant comment about Shakespeare’s dramatic methods. There are two opposing views of Othello as the hero and villain that have dominated criticisms of Othello. One school of thought suggests that Othello is a noble hero who is brought down by a devil, whose actions cannot be explained absolutely. Others may view Othello as a naiveRead MoreJealousy in Villains of Different Works1828 Words   |  8 Pages Jealousy, it is what gets the best and, of course, the worst of people. Iago in Shakespeares play Othello is one of the worst villains out there. Other villains, such as Scar in Disneys The Lion King, Jafar in Disneys Aladdin, and Mother Gothel from Disneys Tangled have closely related motives and jealous personalities. All four betray and kill for reasons they believe are going to further the lives they intend to lead after their master plans. The stem of the jealousyRead MoreDuchess Of Malf Open Learn10864 Words   |  44 PagesMalfi, focuses on the representation of the theme of love and marriage in the Malfi co urt, and the social conflicts to which it gives rise. The unit guides you through the first part of the play and will help you to develop your skills of textual analysis. This unit focuses mainly on Acts 1 and 2 of the play. You should make sure that you have read these two acts of the play before you read the unit. The edition of the play that is used in this unit is the Pearson Longman (2009) edition, edited by

Influential Ideas For Protestant Theology - 985 Words

John Calvin was the son of bourgeois parents in Picardy, France (Brophy, 431). First, he studied at the University of Paris to obtain a Master of the Arts degree, and then he went on to study law at Orlà ©ans, where he received a doctorate of law (Brophy, 431). When he converted to Protestantism he was forced to flee Paris and eventually ended up in Geneva, Switzerland, where he wrote his Draft of Ecclesiastical Ordinances, along with many other significant writings (Brophy, 432). This document is a primary source because John Calvin wrote it in 1541 in Geneva (Brophy, 432). Calvin wrote this draft in order to educate people about the reforms he desired to see in the church throughout England (Brophy, 432). His writings were one of the most influential ideas for Protestant theology (Cole, 318). When Calvin converted to Protestantism, he wanted to create reforms within the church so that there was proper structure for both the church and government (Cole, 319). The best way for him to get the reforms he wanted was to write them down, which he did in the Draft of Ecclesiastical Ordinances. Calvin’s Draft of Ecclesiastical Ordinances is about the structure of the church and government he wished to see (Brophy, 434). Unlike our government today, Calvin did not see a need for separation of church and state. Calvin’s ideal government was one that was tied directly to the church, and the church officials would also be the government officials. The draft includes the duties,Show MoreRelatedThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation871 Words   |  4 PagesThe Protestant Reformation was a pivotal time of European history that occurred during the 16th century. The Protestant Reformation was comprised of people called â€Å"reformers† that challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church’s ability to define Christian practice (â€Å"The Reformation†). The Protestant Reformation was revolutionary due to the fact that t he reformers preached against everything the Catholic Church had been teaching. Some famous reformers are John Calvin and Martin LutherRead MoreThe Life of Martin Luther1037 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther was a man who impacted the world’s society and history. He marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation, which changed the course of Christianity forever. He was a powerful man of God, who reformed the corrupt Catholic Church, rediscovered the Living Word of God, and restored many authentic Christian doctrines. Luther was a man who changed the world. Martin Luther was born in Eisleben, Germany on November 10, 1483 to a middle-class family. During his childhood, two of his brothersRead MoreMartin Luther And His Influence On Peasant Results951 Words   |  4 PagesRezvan Ngalla December 11, 2015 Martin Luther and His Influence on Peasant Results Martin Luther was one of the most influential people in Christian history, when he began the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century. He questioned some of the basic beliefs and principles of the Roman Catholic church and his followers split from the Roman Catholic to begin the protestant tradition. Martin Luther spent a few years at the monastery and finally became an Augustinian monk. Martin Luther gainedRead MoreThe Reformation : Four Challenges For The Catholic Church1176 Words   |  5 Pagesextremely diverse. The first proto-Protestant congregations, even predate the Reformation, drawing their origins from an earlier religious movement, the Hussites. However, it is the Protestant Reformation that gave a start to the first major denominations of Protestantism, of which we list four: Lutheranism, Zwinglianism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism. Lutheranism was started by Martin Luther, a German theologian who instigated the very beginning of the Protestant Reformation. Luther s protest wasRead MoreMartin Luther And The Reformation Of The Protestant Reformation Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesMartin Luther became one of the most influential figures in Christian history. He began the protestant reformation in the 16th century. He also called into question some of the basic tenets of Roman Catholicism and eventually his followers soon split from the Roman Catholic Church to become protestant. He was known to be a very controversial man not just for his writing of the ninety five thesis but for others and in his later years his feeling about the Jews. His teaching of the bible is what leadRead MoreJohn Calvin s Influence On Church History During The Age Of Reformation970 Words   |  4 Pagesstudies brought him in touch with reforming ideas. Shortly after, an â€Å"unexpected conversion† as Calvin referred to it as, to ok place. It indeed turned his life in a new direction. â€Å"Calvin surrendered his will to God† (Shelley p258). â€Å"In March, 1536, he published the first edition of his highly influential Institutes of the Christian Religion† (Shelley p258). During the Reformation age, this edition written based on the Protestant doctrine was the most influential and readable document ever. In his firstRead MoreThe Colonial Period Essay1337 Words   |  6 Pages The Colonial period is abundant in its source of influential people who help shape present society through questioning past beliefs. Martin Luther leads the Protestant Reformation. John Calvin expands on the idea of predestination. The Puritans live strictly by the word of the Bible, and the Quakers inspire many people to join them in their friendly lifestyle. All of these people contribute to our society today and brave the face of adversity. Martin Luther, born in 1483, comes from a poor upbringingRead MoreMartin Luthers Life and Teachings Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pagesacademic career. In 1507, he was ordained to the priesthood and in 1508 he became a teacher of theology at the University of Wittenburg. On March 9th, 1508 he received his Bachelor’s degree in Biblical Studies and received his Bachelor’s degree in the Sentences by Peter Lombard, which was the main textbook of theology in the Middle Ages, in 1509. On October 19, 1512 he received a degree of Doctor of Theology from the University of Wittenburg. The demand for the study of academic degrees and preparationRead MoreReligion During The Late Century1138 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelop and the church and the state came to be at odds. During the late 1300s we see that there was an uproar among the people because they wanted the Bible to be translated into English. It was the idea for accessibility of scripture to the common people that led to one of many at first heretical ideas that later became part of the normal fabric of life in England. Heresy and Cults were running rampant at this time. And England was simply just trying to stabilize itself. Steve Muhlberger said: â€Å"thereRead MoreJames C. Modern Christian Thought Volume 1 : The Enlightenment And The Nineteenth Century1808 Words   |  8 PagesEnlightenment some Christians did not recognize where they stood within neither the evolving social acceptance nor the real root of Christian existence. One of the goals of this book was to allow the audience to recognize the â₠¬Å"encounter between Christian ideas and modern philosophy, history and the natural sciences† (p. xiii). The author established this goal by creating a readable narrative revealing how various movements within Christian thought developed from the first doctrine into a thought of the Modern

John Locke’s theory about political power Free Essays

John Locke’s theory about political power is based on the idea of â€Å"perfect freedom†, a state everyone is â€Å"naturally in† while conducting personal proceedings and using possessions in normal way without pressing over or depending on other men. A law of nature governs the state of nature teaching that all people are â€Å"equal and independent† but they cannot hurt or destroy another person’s â€Å"life, liberty, health or possessions†. God gives to his people different things to use for the best advantage of their lives but no one is born to has a domination over the other. We will write a custom essay sample on John Locke’s theory about political power or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is a natural way in which a man can express the right to the things that are not beneficial to any other man yet. Then determination of property is given. Locke Justifies property as â€Å"the labor of his body and the work of his hands†. For the property to occur a person takes something from nature, mixes it with things that used to belong to him and adds his labor. This individual labor is basically a main point from which exclusive right for the property starts and becomes unquestionable for the laborer as long as good enough is left for others. Every man is â€Å"lord† of his own. So, the only reason why man can give up his personal freedom and be bonded by political power of another man is his own consent and wish to unite with others into one mutually beneficial community. This community or government is considered to be safer, more comfortable and peaceful than life in his personal estate that could be endangered to â€Å"invasions of others†. The state of personal freedom is very unsafe and less enjoyable than secure life in society which is concerned about preservation of property. Tyranny is an â€Å"exercise of power beyond right†. It happens when anyone uses his r her power not for the best of others, but for the satisfaction of personal passions such as greediness, ambitions, wish to overpower others against the law of nature. So, whenever such situation has occurred it has to be opposed because if the law is transgressed it causes harm to other people. Being rich or having an exceeding power is never a reason or an excuse â€Å"for rapine and oppression†. It doesn’t matter if this man has a high or low rank, but for the king exceeding the authority is more shameful than for the constable because more trust is given to him. A king is also ell better educated and more acknowledged about right and wrong things to do which additionally obligates him. People willfully â€Å"choose and authorize a legislative† to create laws that will guarantee preservation of properties for each member in the community. People will never choose a legislative that makes laws being able to demolish things that everyone is trying to protect. When a legislative being ambitious or corrupted makes an attempt to go against â€Å"fundamental rule of the society† trying to enslave people, breaking the trust at that moment his authority is ended. A new government which is ble to work for the protection of society should be chosen in case the old one bitrates the trust of people. Jefferson’s text of the Declaration of Independence is mainly based on the ideas developed by Locke. Jefferson’s â€Å"truth to be self evident† is basically the determination ot state ot nature in the work ot Locke. â€Å"All men are created equal† having certain rights, such as â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness†. Governments â€Å"are instituted among men† to protect these fundamental rights. In case the governor rules destructively over the people under his power he deserved nd should be thrown off his position and â€Å"new guards for future security† should be found. Jefferson writes the main part of Declaration describing that ruling of a present king of Great Britain is a history of â€Å"repeated injuries and usurpations†. â€Å"A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people†, he says. At this point a direct referral to the Locke’s idea of perfect freedom is made. Using Locke’s fundamental ideas in Declaration of Independence Jefferson Justifies separation of United States from England. How to cite John Locke’s theory about political power, Papers

Competitive Customer Value Propositions †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Competitive Customer Value Propositions. Answer: Introduction In the service industry, designing and delivering value proposition is important for the marketing planners. The customer value proposition refers to the total sum of benefits which are provided to the customers in return of the payment. The customer value proposition is the business or the marketing statement which convinces a person to buy a product. It is specifically targeted towards the potential customers who are going to buy the customer product (Barnes, Blake, Pinder, 2009). The value proposition convinces customers that the present product or the service can add more value than others in the competitive set. A business organization primarily exists to create value in the lives of the people or to add value to the customers lives. The private sector business and the industries create value for the customers and in return of it the companies capture value in terms of the benefit of the shareholders for the profits or return on investment (Kumar Reinartz, 2016). The value provided to the customers has three dimensions, namely, physical attribute, the value generated by interaction of the customer and the organization and the emotional appeal of the company to the customers (Kumar Reinartz, 2016). The customer value refers to the benefits which an organization delivers to the customers with its services. At present, there is high level of competition among the business organizations; therefore, it is important to deliver high value to the customers than the competitors. There should be effective and clear value proposition which can enhance a firms functional, psychological and economic va lue (Kempen, 2012). While making a purchase decision, different customers are motivated by different factors, such as some are motivated by quantity, some are motivated by the level of service or some are motivated by the quality. The organizations develop a value proposition to attract more customers towards the purchase. The organization tries to satisfy the requirements of the customers and provide expected value to the customers. The value proposition is a promise made by the company to deliver certain benefits to the customers. The value proposition focuses on certain differential activities which can influence the decision of the customers. It influences the decision of the customers and gives reason why the customers choose an organizations product over its competitors (Rintamki, Kuusela Mitronen, 2007). There are three kinds of value proposition: benefits, favorable point of difference and resonating focus. The involvement of all the benefits refers to the complete set of positive features which the organization might deliver to the end customers. The organization is able to do it as it has good knowledge of the customers and the competitors. The favorable point of difference refers to the factors which distinguishes an organization from other competitors. In order to implement this strategy, the company should obtain detailed knowledge of other competitors and use it to shape the strategy of the company. The resonating focus is another strategy which is based on two factors. It states that it is not always better to outperform the competitors but the organization should focus on a few points of the target customers. The business organization should identify the competitive advantage elements, document and demonstrate them to the targeted customers (Hassan, 2012). It can be argued that the definition of value proposition provided by different authors is different; however, the basic essence is same and indicates towards the value provided to the customers. It should be different from the value provided by the competing organizations. It can be concluded that the customer value proposition is important in the marketing and the sales activity of the organization. The customer value proposition refers to the value provided to the customers by selling the product or services. It discusses what value the will be added to the lives of the customers (Doligalski, 2014). The customer value proposition can be achieved through different means such as focusing on the product advantage, demonstrating the differences from the competitors or focusing on one or two primary factors. The Sheraton Hong Kong Hotel Towers is one of the premier hotels in the business area of Hong Kong. It is located at the heart of Kowloons business, shopping and the entertainment district. The ferry terminals and the subway are located near the hotel and the international Airport is also in the near vicinity. It is one of the largest hotels in the area and comprises of 782 guest rooms and suites at various prices. The hotel is the ideal place to work and relax or enjoy. All the major tourist spots are located near the hotel. Several of the rooms of the hotel provide a post card view of the Victoria harbor. The Sheraton tower of the organization also provide exclusive tower lounge on the floor. The hotel provides room of different size and comfort according to the needs of the guests. Other than that, it offers the service of health club which has temperature-controlled rooftop pool (Ulrich Brckbank, 2005). All the guests are provided complimentary smartphone services during the st ay. The guests can avail the facility of free 3G data, wifi and local calls services. Service Blueprint for Sheraton Hong Kong Hotel The service blueprint refers to different aspects of the services such as the process of service offering, customer contact points and the services offered from the perspective of the customers. The service blueprint is a tool which discusses how a service is offered to the customers in an organization. It provides the human resource actions, physical evidence of services and the infrastructure which supports different services to the organization. The human resource actions, physical evidence, infrastructure are different systems which supports the services of the organization (Lovelock, 2007). The hotel is well-known hotel group in Hong Kong and offer booking and reservation services with the help of websites and telephone booking. The tourists will be offered best prices according to the date and choice of the guest. The online reservation is the process can provide affordable rates. The rooms are confirmed at the local currency. There are several cross-functional teams which can enhance the overall service provided to the customers (Sheraton Hotel Hong Kong, 2017). The service blueprint of the hotel encompasses the contact points, physical evidence, support processes and other related services to the customer. The services are developed with the service encounter between the customers and the employees. The current hotel has established an organization culture in which the employees have to focus on the efficiency while delivering the services to the customers (Hax, 2009). There are several essential steps which are required while delivering the services to the customers. It refers to all the actions taken by the customers while encountering the services. The actions of the guest begin from the time when they enter the hotel. When the guests arrive at the hotel, they are greeted and shown the reception. When the guests arrive at the reception, the receptionist checks if the customers have made online booking. The receptionist registers the customers within the organization and verifies their identity cards and other documents. Then after, the receptionist selects a room which meets the expectations of customers (Ulrich Brckbank, W. 2005). The guests are also shown the restaurants and entertainment sections of the organization wherein they can spend leisure time and have fun activities. Physical evidence The physical evidence refers to the services or the things which influences the perception of the customers for service delivery (Mensah Mensah, 2013). The physical evidence refers to the tangible elements such as ambience, furniture; services offered which may impact the perception of the customers. The actions of the employees can be categorized into visible actions and invisible actions. The visible actions refer to the face to face interactions between the employees and the guests. It refers to the communication held at the front office of the business organizations such as communication with the housekeeping staff, facilities for dinner, and fun and leisure activities in the organization (Rintamaki, Kuusela Mitronen, 2007). The invisible employee actions refer to the indirect communication between the customers and the employees which can enhance the service performance of the organization. The emails and the telephone calls are categorized as indirect communication and they can enhance the performance of the organization. The support processes are the processes which can enhance the service delivery and the direct interactions with the guests. There are several support processes such as HR and finance which can support the services offered to the customers. Front and Back stage functions The operations of the service organization can be categorized into two categories, namely, front stage operations and the backstage operations. The front stage operations comprises of all the actions involving the interaction of the customers with the organization (Stewart O-Connell, 2016). The back stage division deals with all the operations, services which do not involve direct interaction with the customers. The front stage and the backstage functions of the organization are discussed below: In service organizations, the front stage functions are an integral part of service delivery. The front stage functions initiate with the employees actions while meeting the customers. The front stage functions involve greeting customers with a smiling face, verifying the personal information of the customers, baggage transporting and answering the inquiry of the guests. The services provided at the front stage have physical evidence and may impact the attitude and perception of the customers (Hax, 2009). In the front stage processes, the company recruits the personnel who are focused on their work, address the needs of customers in an efficient manner. The staff must be able to multitask and manage the clients. The backstage functions are the functions which do not require direct involvement with the customers; however, these operations are essential in the current operations of the organization. The people in back office assist the people in the front office in the process of service delivery. The backstage operations involve maintaining the customer records, HR services, employee records and attendance of the customers. Other than that, it also involves the HR and housekeeping services of the organization. Customer Value Proposition The customer value proposition refers to the sum of all the benefits provided to the customers as a part of the product service. The customer value proposition provides reasons why a customer should buy the product of a specific company. It also differentiates the product from the product of other companies. The customer value proposition attracts the attention of other customers and increases the sales of the organization. The customer value proposition is developed by the organizations after analyzing the needs of the customers. The good customer value proposition is capable of convincing the customers to buy a product and it also differentiates the product from that of the product offering of the competitors (Duchessi, 2004). It should be able to gain the attention of the customers and increase the sales and the profitability of the organization. It also assists in developing the brand of the organization. The brand is the perception of the customers regarding the product, service of a company. It is designed to stay in the minds of the customers for the long run. Building the customer value proposition is important as the customers base their purchase decision regarding the familiarity with the organization. The customer value proposition is the promise of an organization with the customers that the business will deliver a specific value to the customers and as a result, the customers should choose to buy the product of a specific business organization. The customer value proposition is a concise statement which assures the customers that the organization will deliver a specific value to the customers. It highlights the relevance of the product with the needs of the customers. The customer value proposition solves or addresses the problem of the customers and suggests how the product will add value to the lives of the people. It is essential for the business enterprises to present a customer value proposition as it assist the companies in differentiate the brand from the competitors (Barnes, Blake Pinder, 2009). The basic notion behind the customer value proposition is to survive in the business environment of high competition. It differentiates the brand from that of competitors and the customers can choose from the most valuable brand or the brand which will provide them with the maximum benefits. The hotel offers different value proposition which differs it from other organizations. It hotel specializes in the wedding organization services. There are a large number of event organizers associated with the hotel who offer wedding planning services. The hotel also offers event planning services to other functions. It has halls for all types of functions irrespective of their size. The hotel has a large number of rooms and these rooms are available at different shapes and size. It is in accordance to the budget of different customers (Doligalski, 2014). The value proposition of the hotel is that the rooms are available at different budgets. The hotel also provides different facilities such as internet facilities, lounge, and healthcare rooms as a part of the competitive advantage of the organization. There are several strengths of the organization. There are also various halls and function rooms available in the hotel. The ballroom of the hotel is beautifully designed with a total area of 1,398 square meters. The total number of function rooms is 14 which are versatile and can be used for different types of functions, weddings or events. The Ching Room has a connected alfresco courtyard which can be used for cocktail events ad wedding ceremonies. Other specialty of the hotel is its Wine Bar which can accommodate 99 guests with the excellent view of Victoria Harbor. It offers specialized services regarding the arrangement of weddings. It has lavish venues and a team of specialists which can create special memories which can be cherished for the lifetime. The marriage will be organized in a spectacular ballroom which has crystal chandeliers and garden terrace. It also offers concierge services which can assist the mailing, messages, booking airline tickets and luggage storage services. It can also offer bookings and other general information related services to the customers. It provides high internet speed services in the public areas. There are also certain environmental practices which the organization follows as part of its environmental conservation initiatives. These initiatives are conserving the energy and water in the hotel. The company implements water conserving fixtures, regularly maintaining the leakage maintenance and reducing the overall electricity consumption of the organization. The weakness of the organization is that the company is that it focuses on providing only limited food and dining options to the customers. Other than that, it is also important to provide offers and services to the customers due to the intense competition in the hotel industry. The strength of the organization is event organizing and avoiding several different kinds of events. Recommendations to the Management From the above analysis, it can be recommended to the management of the hotel that it is important to enhance the customer value proposition of the organization to attract more customers towards the organization. Sheraton Hong Kong hotel provides several services to its customers such as free wifi, free telephone calls and lounge and refreshment facilities. However, the same facilities are provided by other hotels and restaurants (Hassan, 2012). Therefore, it is important that the organization develops a unique customer value proposition for its customers. In order to retain the existing customers towards the organization, the company can give loyalty cards to them. If there are some loyal customers of the hotel, they should be given discount and complementary services to the customers every time they visit the hotel (Osterwalder, Pigneur, Bernarda, Smith, 2015). Other than that, the organization can also organize frequent complementary dinners and lunches for the customers who regularly frequent the hotels of the organization. In the hospitality industry, food is considered as a crucial criterion for the customers to select the hotels. Therefore, the company should make a decision to provide excellent food and the dining experience. The organization should recruit the cooks and chefs with excellent culinary skills. Other than that, the organization must be able to serve the local dishes of the countries from which the majority of the tourists arrive at the hotel. The customers will prefer if they can eat their local dishes at a foreign destination. Currently, the hotel offers dishes prepared in China, Japan and other Asian countries (Osterwalder, Pigneur, Bernarda Smith, 2015). The hotel should be able to offer dishes of European and American countries as the people of these countries frequently travel to Hong Kong for the business purpose. The international tourists are the major part of the income or revenue of the organization. Therefore, it can make coalitions with the travel agencies to offer travel and roaming services to the customers. The customers can choose the taxi services to travel across the major tourist destinations of Hong Kong. This value proposition will differentiate the company from the competitors. Conclusion It can be concluded that it is really important for the business organizations to develop their competitive advantage and customer value proposition. The development of customer value proposition is important for the business organizations. The customer value proposition refers to the unique selling points of the organization. It can assist the organization in developing a competitive advantage which is necessary in the present business environment. The customer value proposition refers to the value which is extended to the customers when a product is sold. The customer value proposition is unique and distinguishes the organization from the competitors. References Barnes, C., Blake, H., Pinder, D. 2009. Creating and Delivering Your Value Proposition: Managing Customer Experience for Profit. Kogan Page Publishers. Doligalski, T. 2014. Internet-Based Customer Value Management: Developing Customer Relationships Online. Springer. Duchessi, P. 2004. Crafting Customer Value: The Art and Science. Purdue University Press. Hassan, A. 2012. The Value Proposition Concept in Marketing: How Customers Perceive the Value Delivered by Firms A Study of Customer Perspectives on Supermarkets in Southampton in the United Kingdom. International Journal of Marketing Studies 4(3), pp. 68-78. Hax, A.C. 2009. The Delta Model: Reinventing Your Business Strategy. Springer Science Business Media. Kempen, M. (2012). Profitable Hotel Guest Management: The Factors Involved in and the Importance of Following a Guest Relationship Approach in the Irish Luxury Hotel Sector. Bachelor + Master Publication. Kumar, V., Reinartz, W. 2016. Creating enduring customer value.Journal of Marketing,80(6), 36-68. Lovelock, C. (2007). Services Marketing People, Technology, Strategy, 5/e. Pearson Education. Mensah, I., Mensah, R.D. (2013). Management of Tourism and Hospitality Services. Xlibris Corporation. Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y., Bernarda, G., Smith, A. 2015. Value Proposition Design: How to Create Products and Services Customers Want. John Wiley Sons. Rintamki, T., Kuusela, H., Mitronen, L. 2007. Identifying competitive customer value propositions in retailing.Managing Service Quality: An International Journal,17(6), 621-634. Sheraton Hotel Hong Kong. (2017). Retrieved 30 November 2017 from https://www.sheratonhongkonghotel.com/en/gallery Stewart, T.A., O-Connell, P. (2016). Woo, Wow, and Win: Service Design, Strategy, and the Art of Customer Delight. HarperCollins. Ulrich, D., Brckbank, W. 2005. The HR Value Proposition. Harvard Business Press.

Founding Brothers Essay Example For Students

Founding Brothers Essay Preface: The Generation Some people thought that American independence was Manifest Destiny, Tom Paine, for example, claimed that it was simply a matter of common sense that an island could not rule a continent.' But for the most part, triumph of the American revolution was improbable, and therefore it is a remarkable event in history. No one expected that Britain, the strongest country in the world would be defeated by the colonies, and that Americas Republic, a government uncommon in those monarchial days, would survive, yet it did. It is only now in retrospect that the American Revolution seems inevitable. To the participants it seemed to be a long-shot. They were not expecting victory, always fearing execution for treason. Rightly so, too, since the British could have easily won the war if they had fought more forcefully in its earliest stages. Once the Americans won, it was widely predicted that if America did survive, it would become a very strong nation due to its abundance of natural resources, space, and isolation. The short-term question, though, was whether or not it would survive. One of the biggest problems in its beginnings was in organizing a national government. The national government was what the Americans had escaped from. They knew though, that without a unifying entity, the country would not be able to live up to its full predicted potential. The founding brothers wanted America to live to its potential so the minority who wanted a unified nation organized the Constitutional Convention in 1787 with the purpose of drafting a national scale constitution. The Constitutional Convention is often criticized for its secrecy, extra-legality, and the fact that its members were of the elitehardly a good representation of the masses. Others, though, call it the miracle of Philadelphia' for the fact that it accomplished the seemingly impossible goal of creating a union of states. A few compromises were made during this convention: interest of small v. large states, federal v. state jurisdiction, and sectional slavery. Nevertheless, still a work-in-progress' in 1789, the US had several things going for it. It was youthful, expansive, and the first President, George Washington, was unanimously chosen. The next decade would be the most important in the countrys history. There are two ways to view events in this stage of history. The pure-Republicanism' interpretation, or the Jeffersonian interpretation'. The Republicanism view on history claims the revolution to be a liberation movement from everything British, and dislike the take-over of the Federalists (moneymen) in 1790 of which Hamilton was the Chief Culprit The alternative interpretation views Washington, Adams, and Hamilton as the heirs to the revolutionary legacy and Jefferson as the chief culprit. This view is more collectivistic rather than individualistic. The book will look at this time in history through several stories that show us the times. The stories will be of pol itical leaders that include (in alphabetical order of course) Abigail and John Adams, Aaron Burr, Benjamin Franklin Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington. There will be four common themes throughout these stories: 1) The achievements of the revolution were collective, only succeeding because of the balance of personalities involved. 2) All the politicians knew one another. The politics were visvis and those involved could not avoid the personal interactions and the emotion 3) They took the most threatening issue off the agenda: slavery. Who knows, America may not have succeeded without it taken out. 4) The politicians knew that their actions were writing history and that they would be looked up to and read about in the future. They therefore kept to their best behaviors, and in a way were performing for those who live after them to look back on them. They were actors in a (to them) future soap-opera. The novel will be chronological with one excep tion. The first story about the duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton is first for its fascinating story, and the fact that it is the only exception to the rest of the revolution (the exception that proves the rule). It is the only time when violence and death were the resorts, instead of arguments And so the story begins, It is a hot summer morning in 1804 Chapter One: The Duel Short version: On the morning of July 11, 1804 Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton were rowed across the Hudson River in separate boats to a spot near Weehawken, New Jersey. Using the customs of the code duello, they exchanged pistols and shot at each other. Hamilton was hit in the side and died the next day. Burr was unhurt but his reputation suffered enough to make him wish he were. The following will be a more comprehensive version of, the interview at Weehawken', as it was called. Colonel Aaron Burr, the vice president of the United States in 1804, left home on Wednesday July 11, 1804 for an appoi ntment with destiny'. He and William Van Ness, his devoted supporter sailed, toward the New Jersey Palisades. Just north of Richmond Hill, in present-day Wall Street, (General) Hamilton was boarding a small boat with two oarsmen, his physician, Dr. David Hosack, and a devotee Nathaniel Pendleton. The two men are opposites. One born poor became rich, the other born an aristocrat. Many things about the two are contrasting. It is noted that Hamilton had always striven to being the best and proving himself worthy. The day before, he shows his attitudes towards the duel by writing in his diary that he will throw away his first fire, and maybe his second to give Burr a chance to rethink the duel. The duel was called an interview at the time because duels were illegal. They used elusive language to make sure no one could get in trouble legally. So the duel is known by many as The Interview at Weehawken'. Hamilton secretly did not follow by the rules of the already illegal duel. His gun was equipped with a hair-trigger to allow for easier firing, fortunately Burr never found out. The story skips over the most dramatic part, because of its disputability, to which it will return later. Hamilton is hit with one of two shots fired. The wound is fatal and both Dr. Hosack and Hamilton know it. Hamilton does not die immediately so he is brought back over the river to a friend, James Bayards house, where he soon died. Burr is escorted off the scene by Van Ness to protect him legally, though he wants to aid Hamilton. The funeral in two days is a very big event in the city. The people and media came to a consensus that Burr murdered Hamilton in cold blood. They portray him as an awful criminal and completely destroy his political career. The four or five seconds that were skipped are still highly debated. The Hamiltonian story is that Burr fired first, Hamilton who was hit instinctively flinched and fired into the air. Burrs story is more believable, since it was agreed upon by both sides that there was about a four second interval between shots, so the shot caused by flinching doesnt fit. The Burr story is as followsHamilton fired first at Burr, intentionally missing, after about four/five seconds Burr reacted, firing and hitting Hamilton, who immediately fell to the ground. The book concludes that what really happened in that four/five second interval will never be known. The Hamiltonian version, though, which almost certainly was wrong, would dominate the history books at the time. But why had Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel? On June 18, 1804 there a verbal exchange between Hamilton and Burr, which was started by the latter party. Burr called attention to an article published in the Albany Register that reminded people of how Hamilton insulted Burr a few years earlier. It is not known what Hamilton said about Burr, though. Therefore Hamilton could have denied it, but instead he went on the offensive. Burr responded by asking for a general apology fr om Hamilton on all his past slander. Hamilton responded, because of Pendletons suggestion, that he does not remember slandering him. Burr now did not accept this explanation, saying that a full apology was now necessary. Hamilton tried to exit this issue honorably, but Burr continued to ask for a full apology. It then became inevitable that a duel would occur. Both men amended their wills, made their last dealsall just in case. Hamilton was meditative and regretful before the event. After Hamilton died he was treated as a martyr for the Federalists, while Burr became a despised villain. After the interview, people started to despise duels (much more than before) and those who disagreed with the duel used the Burr v. Hamilton one as another reason not to allow them. They quickly lost their prestige and status as an activity that aristocrats partook in and instead became regarded as something done by insecure men. This aftermath helped the Burr Hamilton duel become more memorable as t he duel that stopped duels. Hamilton and Burr had a history of political disputes before that time and these help put the resulting duel in context. Hamilton had at one point called Burr the Catiline of America. Catiline was a malevolent destroyer of a Republican government, called so because of a person named Catiline in Rome who had such a mischievous quality. Burr truly was in a sense a Catiline since he supported, or rather did not repudiate, a plot to make Massachusetts and New York secede from the unionsomething that fortunately never occurred. Burr was a man who would be open to both sides, then show his loyalty to the one that would give the most spoils. Another example of this quality was when he was vice president for the Republicans under Jefferson, realized he would not be chosen to be vice president a second time, because of lack of loyalty, and decided to switch parties and run for governor of New York under their (Federalist) name. Burr did not make decisions based on character and morals, but rather based on what he would receive out of the decisions. By the summer of 1804 both Hamilton and Burr dropped off the face of history. Burr because he had alienated Jefferson and the Republican party, and Hamilton because he was dead. Meanwhile, the Federalist party was losing steam, even in its own state. Chapter 2: The Dinner Jeffersons account is as follows: One daymid-June of 1790 he found Alexander Hamilton outside of Washingtons office. Both were members of Washingtons cabinetJefferson was secretary of state and Hamilton was secretary of treasury. Hamilton was somber and haggard, a mood unlike his personality. The reason for this mood was because his financial plan for recovery of public credit was trapped in congressional gridlock. Congressman James Madison managed to block its approval based on the key point of assumption. Assumption is when state debts are assumed by the federal government. Hamilton thought that if his plan would not pass, he w ould resign. Jefferson decided to help. He invited the main players (Madison and Hamilton) to a dinner party at his house. After opening the subject to the two, they chatted and came to a compromise. Madison decided that when it is brought up for debate again, he will not vote for it, nor withdraw his opposition, yet he would not lead the opposition either. They both decided that in order to pacify the southern states, that the permanent residence of the national capital would be on the Patomac River. On July 9th, the House passed the Residence Bill, which moved the capital to the Potomac. On July 26th, the House passed the Assumption Bill. Jefferson later realized that this deal was unjust and a mistake, only made because of his fear of the dismembering of the union. The book explains the symbolism and importance of these events by starting with Madison. Madison was one of the main players in creating the Constitutional Convention. He argued for a fortified national government and was very important in the debate. He therefore got the title of Father of the Constitution'. He then wrote The Federalist Papers which enjoyed instant success. It insisted that a republican government is most effective and stable over a large landmass and diverse population. Madison also helped usher the Bill of Rights through the First Congress. Madison did not look the part of such a great leader. He was five feet six, less than 140 pounds, diminutive, colorless, sickly, and paralyzingly shy. He was a great debater, though, because of his gentle, reserved character. Madison did not need to get credit for his many accomplishments, but instead was happy to stay under someones shadow. Hamilton and Madisons fiscal goals were very similar. Hamilton calculated the US total debt as $77.1 million, $25 million of which was state debt. Madison began to be terrified of the way Hamilton proposed to reach the goal of the recovery of public credit. Hamilton suggested that the government should reimburse securities it owned to citizens/those who fought in the civil war at their full price. When speculators heard of this, they bought the securities from the fighters in the revolution at a fraction of their cost, hoping to make a good profit. Madison saw this and was outraged that the money would not go to the rightful owners and that they would be cheated. Madison suggested to make a composition between the principle owners and the end owners, but was defeated in the House. Soon after, assumption came to the agenda. Madison argued that it would be unfair to the southern states who had already done their duty to pay all their debts back. Why should they now pay for the debts of other states? Madison also did not want the federal government to gain much more power. He thought assumption was a covert way for the federal government to gain control. People were reminded of the British taxes and began to feel afraid. Hamilton was very different from Madison. He was very energetic , imposing his own personality on events in an ostentatious, out-of-my-way style'. He thought that economics needed to be well overseen, and he used England, with its national bank, powerful finance ministers as a model. The others wanted the economy to run its coarse. Hamilton thought money needed to be concentrated in the hands of the select few. Hamilton liked merchants and investors, while Madison thought that investing was worthless, while owning land was worthwhile. Thomas Jeffersons mind was on other things even though he hosted the dinner. He did not make his views on federal power known. Thomas Jeffersons earlier political career as wartime governor of Virginia ended disastrously when British troops burned down the capital while Jefferson galloped away. He did not want to come back to politics after this, so he went to Paris for escape. In 1789 he was persuaded to take the position of Secretary of State under George Washingtona man that you cant turn down. Jefferson was a n otoriously ineffective debater, simply because arguments offended his harmonious self. Jefferson knew that the US would not be taken seriously in the eyes of other nations if its debt were not paid off, and therefore he was very willing to hold such a meeting. The moving of the state capital was a very important question in Congress. The Constitution provided Congress with the power to identify the seat of government. There was much debate over this issue since every state had reasons for holding the seat in their home turf. Madison had been campaigning for the seat to be in Potomac, Virginia because it is his home state. Madison countered Susquehanna, Pennsylvanias point of that state being the geographic center by saying the demographic center is equally as important. Madison and Jefferson were among the only people to agree and it seemed imminent that the capital would not move to the Potomac (its current day location). Jeffersons meeting was not the only secret meeting/political dinner that occurred during that time. A few others were held to create political alliances on the same issues, but the dinner at Jeffersons reached the final chapter in negotiations. At Jeffersons dinner Madison promised to gather at least three more votes for assumption, they manipulated numbers to make assumptions look better for Virginians, who had worked hard to pay off their debt, and Hamilton promised to help seal the location of the capital as Potomac. Once the location of the capital was changed to the Potomac, people in Philadelphia were flustered. Why did that location change from being least likely to be chosen, to the one chosen? Most Congressmen agreed thoughthis change was only a political maneuver to get assumption passed. In reality, the capital would stay in Philadelphia, they thought. Jefferson and Madison knew the question must not come in front of Congress again, so in order to solve the numerous upcoming difficulties (such as getting capital, an architect, etc ), they proposed in August 1790 that the decisions should be made executive so that Washington would have authority. In January 1791 Washington made the decision that the hundred-square-miles stretching east from Georgetown to the mouth of the Potomac would be the capital. This disappointed Pennsylvanians since it wasnt as close to their border as originally promised. Washington named the central street Pennsylvania Avenue as a good gesture to their state. The decade-long process was completely controlled by Washington. The Compromise of 1790 is therefore famous for averting a political crisis. Securing the revolution has proven to be much more daunting than winning one. The end result of the dinner agreement shows the great divide between two sections of the government. In the end the capital was built on the Potomac and called Washington D.C (District of Columbia). For Hamilton, the compromise meant the institutionalization of fiscal reforms and was symbolic of a resumption of Jef ferson and Madisons political partnership after five years of separation. Chapter 3: The Silence A few months before Jeffersons dinner, two Quaker delegations presented petitions to the House asking the federal government to put an end to African slave trade. This was considered an interruptiondisrupting the debate over assumption and residency. Representative James Jackson of Georgia was outraged that such a question could be raised. William Loughton Smith of South Carolina seconded the outrage. This outrage was unnecessary. When ratified, the Constitution of the United States promised that slave trade would not be prohibited before 1808. It would be impossible at that current time to change the slave trade laws. Jackson was not consoled by the constitutional protection. James Madison, acting as the voice of reason that he was, pacified things by saying that they should forward the Quaker petition as a matter of course' and treat the matter routinely. This way it would create littl e fuss. The next day, Jacksons fears proved accurate. A new petition arrived in the House from the Pennsylvania Abolition Society. This petition asked Congress to use its power to make both slavery and slave trafficking illegal. The letter made a few more good points: 1) Slavery and slave trade are incompatible with the ideals/values of the American Revolution. 2) Said the Constitution indeed did give power to the Congress to change slavery law because of the general welfare' clause. Finally, the letter added to its authenticity because it was signed by Benjamin Franklin, possibly the second most respected patriot in the US. Franklins signature forced Congress to take the letter very seriously and they devoted the entire day to its debate. Never before was there a public debate on slavery. The South claimed that Congress was forbidden to talk about slavery in public, not to mention legislate about it. They didnt even want the petition read aloud. Thomas Scott of Pennsylvania started the debate by conceding that the Constitution did not allow Congress to stop slave trade, but said nothing about it abolishing slavery all together. Jackson then replied by proving slavery was Gods will, and then saying America was economically dependent on slavery. William Loughton Smith said nothing of God but acknowledged that America was economically dependant on it. Smith also mentioned that the main conflict between states was between those that were dependent on slave labor, and those that were not. A main condition to the Constitution passing was that slave laws would not be touched for twenty years. Rep Abraham Baldwin agreed with Smith on this. Delegates from the north contested that both the bible and the constitution supported slavery. John Laurance of New York said that based on the Constitution, slavery was an anomaly in the Republic that can be tolerated in the short run but should be eradicated in the long run. Scott of Pennsylvania echoed this. Elbridge Gerry of Ma ssachusetts said that it was the role of the north to stop southern slave trade. He said that in order to compensate slave owners for their lost slaves it would cost $10 million (presumably a number out of his head). He said that the sooner slave traffic ended, the better. John Page from Virginia actually supported the debate of slave trade. He said that if slaves heard that Congress would not even consider changing the law, they would lose hope and rebel. Madison gave his opinion, saying that the Constitution clearly restricted congress from prohibiting slave trade, but nothing restricted it from talking about it. They could talk about the gradual abolition of slavery, something which he deemed unlikely. He did think that making regulations to the introduction of slavery in the new Western Territory was something worthy of discussion. The House voted to refer the petition to a committee (43 to 11) and for the committee to report back its findings to the House before the end of the session. Even at that time, people thought that slavery was destined to end, but it was decided that it should be kept for that time being in order to keep the country together. Vermont and New Hampshire were two early states to make slavery illegal in their state constitutions. The Supreme Court in Mass found it unconstitutional in 1783. Pennsylvania and Rhode Island made it illegal within their borders. Connecticut soon followed suit. In 1782 Virginia passed a law to allow slave owners to free their slaves. The most forceful expression of northern opposition came from Luther Martin of Maryland. Gouverneur Morris was another anti-slavery activist who called it a curse' that actually retarded Southern economic growth. In the south, it was South Carolina and Georgia who argued intensely against emancipation. Charles Cotesworth Pinckey outlined the souths main argument: South Carolina and Georgia cannot do without slaves.' The south wanted full access to African slave trade, no restr ictions on slavery in the West, and a provision in the constitution that would prohibit slave emancipation. Two compromises show the slavery debate best. The first regarded slavery in the west and was decided during the Confederation Congress. The Northwest Ordinance passed in July of 1787 forbade slavery in the territory north of the Ohio River. The second is the Sectional Compromise which extended slave trade for twenty years but made regulation of commerce a majority vote instead of a supermajority of two-thirds. The most interesting debate was in Virginia, whose black density was second highest of all southern states (40%) but whose leaderships stance was anti-slavery. Jefferson for one proposed the abolition of slavery in the western states (lost by one vote) and Madison was uncomfortable with the 3/5th compromise. Virginians were also apposed to the continuation of slave trade. Beneath this, most Virginian citizens would not give up any control over their slaves. On March 8th, the committee was ready to submit its report. Before the committee was allowed to speak, William Loughton Smith immediately pointed out that anti-slavery advocates were evil. James Jackson made faces at the Quakers and called them lunatics. Then he launched an incoherent tirade. This delayed the presentation but on March 16th, the committee was ready to make the report. Before this, Jackson spoke for two hours, outlining every argument that the south would use against slavery for the next seventy years. Jackson made many arguments, not going as far as saying slavery was a positive good, but insisting that it was a necessary evil. Jackson then read from the Bible, showing its support, then from African tribal culture to show that they have slavery too. Jackson then said there was no solution of what to do with the blacks once freed. Sending them to Africa, he said, would not work, citing how the English did this to Sierra Leone and how most of the freed blacks died or were enslaved by local African tribes. He also said the West is not an option since the white population will quickly spread out, and the Indians would not welcome the blacks. No one rose to answer Jackson. The next day William Loughton Smith of South Carolina rose and repeated Jacksons points in another two hours speech. This was the first time that the proslavery arguments were out in the open. The first census of 1790 made the northern and southern divide much more visible. It showed how slavery was dying out in the north, but still flourishing in the south. The census also showed that emancipation was not very likely. The black slave population was already at around 700,000 and growing as fast as the white population (doubling every 25 years). The larger the slave population, the harder emancipation would be. So therefore, the souths chief argument was that the abolition of slavery is an impractical goal based on the shear number of slaves. Nobody from the north stood to counter their argumen ts. Firstly, some of the arguments were unanswerable. Second, those that were, were not dared to be answered because of the threat of secession by South Carolina and Georgia. Fernando Fairfax, a Virginian, did respond though. He drafted a Plan for Liberating the Negroes within the United States'. St. George Tucker developed an even fuller version. All plans would try to solve a moral and economic problem with a political solution, and all knew that speed and slowness were neededthe plan would be put in action quickly but slowly implemented. They assumed that slave owners would be compensated using the money received from selling Western lands. Second, it was assumed that the majority of slaves would be transported elsewhere. Some said an American colony in Africa, others said somewhere in the west, and others said the Caribbean. The main prohibiting factor was cost. If $100-200 was paid for every slave, it would cost the country about $140 million. Since the federal budget in 1790 w as $7 million, that option was not feasible. What might have been possible was to spread the emancipation and thereby the debt produced over a century. This would raise the debt from $77.1 million to about $125 million, a number that was still palatable. Any attempt to emancipate slaves in 1790 would have to go against significant odds. But the American Revolution went against many odds as well. Nevertheless, slavery seemed an even more insuperable challenge. One person came forward to answer the challenge. The oldest, wisest member of the revolutionary generation. By that time though, Benjamin Franklin was ill. Still, Franklin was one of the most important revolutionaries to live, had probably the best timing out of them all, and had immense power in America. Though in 1729 he had claimed that blacks were innately inferior to whites and had even owned a few slaves, he decided to become the president of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society in 1787 and make that the final project of hi s life. Franklin wanted to introduce a proposal at the Constitutional Convention for gradual emancipation, but was convinced against it, and so the letter was this proposal in petition form. Even though his health was getting worse, Franklin made a final appearance in print under the pseudonym Historicus,' publishing a parody of James Jacksons speech. Franklin said he noticed a similarity between Jacksons speech on behalf of slavery and an Algerian pirates speech named Sidi Mehemet Ibrahim on behalf of Algerians enslaving Christians. Ibrahim made the same points as Jacksonit is in the interest of their state to enslave Christians, we cant compensate the masters with our treasury, they are better off with us than in Europe where they would cut each others throats in religious warfare, etc. This was reprinted in several newspapers, but nowhere south of the Potomac. It was his last act, he died on April 17th. Franklin unfortunately did not succeed in the short term. Although most of th e founding brothersJefferson, Washington, Adams, and Hamiltonwere opposed to slavery, they did not think it was possible to stop it at that time. Madison in principle was opposed to slavery, but because he represented those who were pro slavery, and because the issue had the power to dismember the union, he did not like/want to touch the matter. Madison had much influence, most of it behind the scenes. This influence was revealed when the House had a vote on March 24rg on the committee report. Many northerners changed their vote. Massachusetts Fisher Ames was one who did and expressed regret at how far the issue got. A secret arrangement obviously might have taken placepossibly dealing with assumption being passed while this issue avoided and could have something to do with Jeffersons dinner party. Madison wanted to go farther. He wanted a vote to take place to prohibit any future emancipation scheme. After the report was read which was fairly conciliatory, helping both sides, it wa s amended. Congress would have no power to interfere in the emancipation of slaves or their treatment at any time. This report passed by the House put an end to the debate over slavery. When a new petition from the Quakers was received in 1792, it was disregarded. Chapter Four: The Farewell George Washington had always been a legend in American politics, even before the country was created. Washington was present in almost every major event of America. Washington was, in a sense, the center of American politics. All of a sudden, on September 19, 1796, a letter from Washington was published in Philadelphias American Daily Advertiser saying that it is time for a new President to be chosen. Every major newspaper republished this. The Courier of New Hampshire gave it the title of Washingtons Farewell Address.' Washingtons retiring set the precedent of two terms in office. (This precedent was solidified by the 22nd amendment) Some American people felt lost because of this Farewell Letter , since no one had ever led the country other than Washington. Insiders had seen in it coming for about six months before the announcement. Fisher Ames of Massachusetts said that Washingtons resignation would signal the beginning of the party races. Madison said that the first presidential race would most likely be Jefferson against Adams. Washington had threatened to retire since he was first elected, but why did he choose to retire at that time? Age. Throughout his life good health seemed to be a luxury that he had in abundance, but towards his mid-sixties his age began to catch up with him, and soon it was very difficult for him to continue. If Washington had stayed in office one more term, he would have died while President, possibly setting a monarchial precedent on being presidentpresidents after might have stayed in office until death. Nevertheless, age wasnt the only reason for retirement. The media began to get to Washington. He was criticized more his second term than in a ny other and was losing the political battle. Nevertheless, Washington supporters were still in the large majority and he was very respected. The main critique of Washington was that he was a quasi king. The people had given him the power of one, claimed one New York editorial. One example of the semblance of him being king was when it was decided that the statue of King George III would be replaced by one of Washington. Some called him George IV. By resigning voluntarily he showed that he was a Republican, not a Monarch. People have come to interpret his farewell address as advice to the country on how to sustain national unity and purpose, not just without him, but without a king.' Washington asked his country to be more unified and bipartisan, as well as diplomatically independent. All of this came to during the controversial debate over Jays Treaty. It could be the context of everything he wrote in the Farewell Address. In 1794, Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to London i n order to negotiate a treaty that would avoid war with the then superior English. Jay returned in 1795 with a treaty that said the English were our naval and commercial superiors. It accepted English rights to retain tariffs on American exports, while giving English imports the least tariffs. It also promised that the US would pay back all pre-revolutionary debts to the British. Britain agreed to pay back for confiscated American cargoes, and to evacuate its troops from American posts. It was a repudiation of the Franco-American alliance of 1778 which was necessary in winning the Revolution. The treaty aligned America with England, the to-be most powerful country in Europe and postponed any war with England until America was capable of fighting one. The treaty was incredibly unpopular and thoroughly protested. Madison and Jefferson tried to veto it in the house and prove that the house had more power to make treaties than the executive branch. At first they had a majority, but nobo dy could win face to face against Washington. In hindsight the treaty was a great decision, making America neutral between England and France to avoid any war. But why was Jefferson and Madison against it so? Firstly, they did not know its positive effects at that time. Secondly, they did not want a monarchial government, so they thought Washington was overstepping his power. At first Jefferson was not anti-Washington, for he knew that no attack against Washington could succeed. He instead attacked Hamilton for the National Bank, among other issues. When Washington used force to put down the Whiskey Rebellion, that protested a tax on whiskey, Jefferson decided that Washington went too far. Jefferson also liked France far more than England. France was revolutionary and had a chance at becoming a Republic, while England was under George IIIs reign. The treaty was doing wrong. Jefferson became anti-Washington, yet still tried to maintain his friendship with the president. This of cours e failed because of his public statements Some examples of Republicans against Washington: James Monroe in France telling the French that America will not pass the Jays Treaty, that it will help in the war, and even give $5 million. When this didnt happen he even said that they can retaliate by seizing American ships. Edmund Randolph the second secretary of state to Washington made many anti-Washington remarks in an interview transposed by Joseph Fauchet, then captured and sent to Washington. When the Fauchet dispatch was read, Randolph resigned. By writing his farewell address Washington wanted to say that: 1) He was retiring but would still have authority/be in charge 2) A middle course to put down critics 3) Say what the American Rev meant. CBeing united There is also a debate over who wrote the Farewell Address. Some of the words were Madisons, most Hamiltons, all ideas Washingtons. It is a metaphor to the collaboration that Washington wanted. In May of 1792 Washington asked Mad ison to write the address, since he was planning to retire after one term. Madison wrote a draft and gave Washington the advice of having it printed in newspapers as a direct address to the people. Washingtons cabinet gave him the advice of staying one more term so he put the address away for then. On May 15, 1796 Washington sent Hamilton the first draft of his retirement address, with the first section completely in Madisons words. Washington wanted to prove that his decision to retire was solely his, not because he might lose if he tried to run for reelection. Including the draft from 1796 proved this. The second section included Washingtons views on neutrality of the country. It took Hamilton two months to edit. He amplified the fact that overcoming party differences was necessary. He sent it back to Washington on July 30th. After some more modification, it was sent to the printer. One thing that did not make it into the farewell address was the idea of a national university that Washington wanted. Hamilton put the idea in as a two sentence paragraph, far less than Washington had wanted. So, again, the farewell was largely a prophecy on what the US would/should become in the future, and advice on how to attain it, and a justification for Washingtons strong executive leadership in the 1790s. Things seemed good for the country, despite some current opposition. Treaties with hostile Indians were being negotiated, the British were taking troops off the Western territory, trade with Great Britain was helping the US economy immenselywar debts were being paid off much faster than before. The only problem was Frances seizing of ships in the West Indies. Washington predicted a quasi war' with France soon. Washington suggested that because of his departure the federal government should be enlarged (larger navy, more federal initiatives, etc) Washington said nothing about the blacks in his Address, keeping the silence Congress had adopted. He did leave in his will a p rovision to free all his slaves and sell some of his property to make sure they have a place to live on. Washington wrote his Address to the Cherokee Nation' telling the Indians that they should assimilate to American culture, if not, their destruction would be inevitable. It was in a friendly to Indians tone. Reactions to the address: Most of the public was regretful that the greatest politician in America was retiring. They embraced his message as a transcript of the American people'. He left office in March 1796 with many cheers and a minority of howls from critics. Washington died on December 14, 1799, feeling his pulse before he did so and asking to be buried four days after (fearing to be buried alive as he thought Jesus was). Chapter Five: The Collaborators America had never had an election when Washington retired in 1796 and so no routine for one had yet been established. Nobody knew what would happen to the country during an election. By the spring of 1796 it became obvious that the choice was between Adams and Jefferson. The two were the odd couple of the revolution'. Complete opposites. Tall and short, candid and elusive, etc. They were also friends and soul mates. Both bonded when humiliated by George III in England when he turned his back on them in public. Throughout the American revolution there were many collaboratorsWashington and Hamilton, Hamilton and Madison, etcbut the Adams-Jefferson collaboration is the greatest (story) of them all. John Adams was born to a farmer who sent him to Harvard. After graduating he worked as a schoolteacher and apprentice lawyer. In 1764 he married Abigail Smith, creating an incredible intimate partnership. In 1765 he led opposition against the Stamp Act and other British policy. He and cousin Samuel Adams were key in the Continental Congress, assuring that the US would break from the British. He and Franklin negotiated the alliance with France, then he drafted the Massachusetts Constitution. He then went back to Europe. When he returned he was elected the first vice president of the United States. Adams then suffered two setbacks. First, he was victim to, as he called it, the most insignificant office in mans creation. The vice president had two duties. He must be ready to become president if something happens to Mr. P, and he must cast the tie breaking vote in the senate, of which he is the president. Insignificant already, he soon was also restricted of speaking in the senate. Washington also never asked Adams of advice, thinking Adams was part of the legislature since he was President of the Senate and therefore he was trying to not violate the separation of powers. Adams was partly responsible for the entire situation, because of his comments in senate, when he was allowed to speak. It was regarding how the President should be addressed in Senate. Adams said that the President should be referred to as His Majesty' or His Highness'. Nobody agreedno one wanted to be associated with mon archy. For the rest of Adams life, he lived under the suspicion that he wanted to restore a monarchy in America. Adams Davila Essays were the beginning of a rift in his and Jeffersons friendship. Jefferson was quoted in them as saying something anti-Adams. Adams was outraged, saying that Jefferson of all people should know that he is not a monarchist. Jefferson wanted to keep the friendship, saying that it did not depend on political views. Adams responded writing that they had never had a serious discussion on forms of government but that the friendship was still dear to his heart. It was still dear to Jeffersons heart as well, so he said that he did not know his comments were for Adams writings. For a time the friendship endured, though just barely. It was not helped by the ever so widening gap between Federalists and Republicans. Jeffersons enthusiasm for the French Revolutionpushed Adams over the edge' He did not think that the revolution had any relation to the American one and that Jefferson was anti-English because of the huge debt he owed to them, and not because of politics. By the time Jefferson stepped down from office, the friendship was diminished to nearly nothing. Adams knew that they were destined to become the great competition'. Madison and Jefferson were collaborating too. It was the opposite of the Jefferson-Adams collaboration. In that one Jefferson was the younger and Adams was the older, while in the Jefferson-Madison collaboration, the opposite was true. Madison was therefore Jeffersons subordinate. Their collaboration was far more smooth than the Adams one. Jefferson C grand strategist Madison C the agile tactician Madison and Jefferson exchanged letters. Madison keeping them political while Jefferson tried not to. Jefferson was trying to deny to himself that he was running for public office again. When Washington retired in 1776, he was the last' person to know he was running against John Quincy for President. Adams had his own collab orator now that Jefferson was gone. His wife, Abigail, had a very close relationship with him, and luckily she was very politically adept. They sent letters to each other discussing politics. It gave Adams a way to express himself outside the senate, where he was forbidden to speak. It was with her help and collaboration that he decided that he would run for president, and like Jefferson (as well as tradition of the time) not campaign, and at all times have her at his side in the Presidency. They estimated the votes and saw that it was a big possibility that the result might be a tie. Or, if Jefferson is second, the Jefferson would be the vice presidentbut could they keep the collaboration? Abigail thought so. Adams won the election 71 to 68, second was Jefferson who would become the vice-president. He wrote to Adams saying that he still wanted to maintain their friendship and has no ill-feelings towards Adams. Adams decided to work with Jefferson and to create a bipartisan administ ration in which Jefferson would have a big influence as vice-president. Adams also said that he would send someone from the opposite partymost likely Jefferson or Madisonto negotiate a peace treaty with France. Jeffersons first response was positive. He wrote a letter congratulating Adams on his victory, vaguely promising to renew their friendship, and looking forward to combating upcoming political problems. Unfortunately, the letter was sent to Madison first, who gave Jefferson a few reasons not to send it to Adams. In short, Jefferson was persuaded to choose politics over friendship. Madison told Jefferson not to be drawn into the policy-making process of Adams administration. Jefferson listened. He instead became the leader of the opposite party, the Republicans, and setup location in Monticello instead of with Adams. On Adams side, his cabinet, which he kept from Washingtons presidency, threatened to resign if a bipartisan system were implemented. On March 6, 1797 both sides fo und out what the other will do at a dinner at Washingtons presidential mansion in Philadelphia. Adams learned that Jefferson would not join in Adams party, and Jefferson learned of the threat to resign from Adams cabinet if Jefferson joined. They left the dinner and parted ways. Adams presidency was dominated by a big foreign policy problem, with an even bigger divide over how to solve it. Jefferson appears to be right: Whoever followed Washington was probably doomed to failure. Adams had a choice: War with France or try for diplomacy. He chose the latter, and built up the navy if the latter didnt work. Unfortunately, it was nearly impossible to negotiate with the unstable French government, especially when the US was not strong. The party struggle in the US greatly increased the challenge. Adams cabinet was not even faithful to him, it was faithful to Hamilton. So, Abigail and Adams were collaborating on one side, and Jefferson and Madison on the other. Adams made a few controversi al decisions because he tried to bridge party gap differences. 1) He sent Elbridge Gerry on the peace delegation to France. Gerry was a Republican. 2) He appointed his son, John Quincy Adams as American minister to Prussia. This decision could be seen as monarchial (grooming son for presidency) Talleyrand, the French foreign minister, refused any negotiations, and asked for a bribe if the Americans wanted to negotiate. Adams did not bite and ordered the coalition to come home. This was known as the XYZ affair and Adams knew it would become popular. Republicans tried to use the affair to their advantage, creating pro-French rallies. Soon after the Alien and Sedition Acts were passed which made the deporting of foreign-born residents legal (most Republicans) and made it a crime to publish any false, scandalous, and malicious writings or writings against the Government of the United States. Adams signed the acts. His support was mainly due to Abigail Adams who wanted to protect her hus band. The passing of the bill would haunt his political future forever. In an impulsive decision on February 18, 1799 he sent another peace delegation to France. This one was smart, it put an end to the quasi-war with France. Set the precedent for future presidents for isolationism. One reason for this rash decision was the fact that Hamilton had assembled an army and was about to attack southwestern French states. The treaty stopped this Napoleonic act. Madison and Jefferson organized anti-Adams propaganda. Jefferson half-heartedly because of his memories of friendship, but Madison truly believed that Adams was a traitor, that he concocted the XYZ affair and wanted war with France. The two created rumors against Adams ie: Adams wanted to stop the move of the capital, and paid newspapers to publish false anti-Adams diatribes. The high point of the Jefferson-Madison collaboration occurred the day before the passing of the Sedition Acts. Jefferson and Madison launched a pamphlet campa ign that would be known as the Kentucky Resolutions in August and September. They claimed that the Sedition Acts were unconstitutional because they violated the citizens natural rights. The two did not interfere when Federalists started prosecuting Republican editors and writers under the Sedition Laws. They lost many voters. They lost the support of immigrants when they prosecuted aliens. By the election of 1800 it seemed imminent that Adams would lose, and he did, 73-65 to Jefferson and Burr. This was pretty much the end of the Federalist party on a national scale. The election of Jefferson marked an end of an era. The people had replaced the public as the sovereign source of political wisdom.' Just before exiting office Adams signed the Treaty of Mortefontaine that ended hostilities with France. He could leave office knowing he steered the right coarse for the nation. Chapter endsAdams invites Jefferson to dinner at his house. No record of dinner, but Adams did not go to inaugura tion, instead too a stage out of town to get back to his wife. He did not say another word to Jefferson for twelve years. Chapter Six: The Friendship Adams had finally exited the public stage, but he still had enemies in politics that he loathed. He loathed Hamilton the most who he thought of as a bastard brat of a Scotch Pedlar' that would have involved the US in a war with France and possibly in a Civil war. He also had hate for Jefferson, but this was more hurt than hate. Abigail did not know this. When Jeffersons younger daughter, Maria, died, she sent Jefferson a letter of consolation. Jefferson thought that this was a sign that she wanted to restart the friendship that their husbands had, but she was merely trying to console. He replied saying he still respected Adams personally and he too wanted to restart the friendship. The only time, he said, that Adams hurt him personally. This is when he appointed the midnight judges' just before his last days in office. Abigail was enra ged from this letter. Jefferson is the one who should need to apologize for his behind the back slander. She defended her husband and attacked Jefferson. He had undermined Adams she wrote. Jefferson replied that both sides had lied and attacked the other. He also claimed that he had no role in the anti-Adams slander. Abigail charged Jefferson with being on the side of a party/doing whatever it took in his own campaign to win an election. The second thing they charged him with was more personal. He had vilified a man whom he claimed was a long-standing friend. After this an eight year silence had settled. Jefferson did not have time to reflect at that time. His first term was very successfulthe Louisiana Purchase doubling the size of the US. His second term was not as successful, topping the list was the Embargo Act (1807) which not only devastated the economy, but failed in avoiding war with England. Adams meanwhile was jealous since Jefferson wasnt even the main person in the Const itutional Convention. Jefferson merely wrote down the ideas in the Declaration, Adams argued for them. Adams wanted to get his reputation back but could not do it. He turned to correspond with his old friend, Benjamin Rush, to whom he could pour his feelings out to. Adams could not separate his thoughts and his feelings about them. During his correspondence with Rush, Rush had a dream, a dream in which Adams and Jefferson made up after a letter from Adams. Then they continued their famous friendship. Adams said he would like that, but because he was Jeffersons superior (older, more time in office), he wanted Jefferson to send the letter. He would then acknowledge it. This wasnt going to happen. Rush wrote Jefferson telling him that Adams was willing to reconcile and that an advance on his side would be cordial. Jefferson wouldnt do it, he had after all already tried to reconcile. This situation stayed dormant this way for two years. When Edward Coles visited Adams in 1811, Adams sai d, I always loved Jeffersonand still love him.' Word spread to Jefferson. He wrote Rush saying that was enough for him, he wanted to reconcilebut then widened the gap again by saying Adams is a good man, except his political views are sometimes flawed. Adams finally made the first move though. On January 1, 1812, a short note left Quincy (Adams residence) to Monticello (Jefferson) relaying family news and saying two pieces of Homespun' were on their way. Rush was ecstatic. Jefferson thought the homespun referred to domestically produced clothing, but in fact it was a metaphor to a copy of John Quincys book, Lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory. This was the beginning of a 158 letter correspondence which eventually brought back the friendship. Adams would write more than two letters sometimes for every one of Jeffersons. Why was Adams so enthusiastic and made the first steps? There was unfinished business between the two. Also, Adams wanted his political views to not be lost from history , and he knew that the letters would become major historical documents. Adams wanted to be immortal in history. If he wrote what people wanted to hear, he would do that. It was two American icons looking back at the Revolution they had fought. There is no doubt that they were posing, but it was definite that they had regained each others trust. There is also an improbable ending. They both died within five hours of each other, on the day of the fiftieth anniversary (almost to the hour of it) of the announcement to f American independence to the world in 1776. Adams surprisingly in the correspondence delivered the more powerful, aggressive prose, while Jeffersons were not as memorable, even though he was the superior in linguistics. Jefferson wanted the correspondence to be fluid and lyrical while Adams preferred it to be an argument, and that is what it became. Until 1813 the letters were peaceful. In 1813 Adams exploded after reading a letter written by Jefferson to a Dr. Priestley in which Adams was referred to as a man in the past. Jefferson said the letter was meant to refer to the Federalist party as a whole. It blamed the Hamiltonians who he knew Adams hated. The following letters proceeded to explain each others views. In one letter, Abigail Adams inserted a small excerpt saying she is still friends with Jefferson and is happy for the correspondence. Jefferson had been forgiven. In the rest of their letters they mentioned the before unmentionable subjects because trust was recovered. They would not die before they explained themselves to each other. Jefferson laid out his story of the Revolution in the summer of 1813 giving Adams an opportunity to critique it as he loved to do. The first major argument was of the role of the aristocracy (elites) and the others in governing or of the few and the many. Adams thought that the power should rest with the few, the aristocracy. Jefferson agreed that there will always be an aristocracy but he said that there is a natural aristocracy based on talents and a pseudo-aristocracy based on birth. The latter is the evil one. In America he said there is much more equality in opportunity so that those with the talents can rise to the top. Adams responded saying that it was human nature for an aristocracy to form. A snowball when rolls accumulates snow' Adams then said that there is no distinction of natural and artificial aristocracy. Talent and aristocracy usually come together. The pillars of aristocracy after all are Beauty, Wealth, Birth, Genius, and Virtues' Adams seemed to be defying the Republican legacy itself. Another argument that began in 1815 and stayed until the end was the French Revolution. Jefferson started on the issue by apologizing that he did not trust Adams before. He acknowledged Adams was right about France, and was happy that Napoleon was finally defeated at Waterloo. Jefferson was at last saying he was sorry for the main disagreement that Adams and him ever had. The two tri ed to stay away the question of slavery. It only came up once 1819 during the debate over the Missouri Compromise which asked the question of whether slavery should be expanded Westward. Adams thought the Federal government should make the laws and that slavery should be abandoned based on moral principle, Jefferson did not like slavery, but thought that the state should make the decision. They were most comfortable with silence. After 1820 the correspondence stopped being argumentative and went back to being melancholic. They wanted to preserve the friendship, especially after Abigail died in October of 1818. They decided to look back on the good times of the past, the end was near. Jefferson fell into a coma on the third of July, the day before the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Declaration, his final words being is it the fourth'. He wanted to die on that fateful day, and he did. The next morning, at the same time that Jefferson died, Adams fell into unconsciousness, woke up at five thirty, said Jefferson survives' and died. Hath Not a Jew Mercy Essay